Q: Where did the Indus Valley Civilization develop?
A: Along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
Q: What is another name for the Indus Valley Civilization?
A: Harappan Civilization.
Q: Which was the first excavated city of the Indus Valley Civilization?
A: Harappa.
Q: Who discovered Harappa?
A: Daya Ram Sahni (1921).
Q: Who discovered Mohenjo-daro?
A: Rakhaldas Banerji (1922).
Q: Who was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India during these discoveries?
A: John Marshall.
Q: What does “Mohenjo-daro” mean?
A: Mound of the Dead.
Q: What does “Harappa” denote today?
A: A modern village near the ancient site.
Q: Which Harappan site literally means “black bangles”?
A: Kalibangan.
Q: Which structure at Mohenjo-daro is considered a public bath?
A: Great Bath.
Q: What was the main occupation of the Indus people?
A: Agriculture.
Q: Which metal was unknown to the Indus people?
A: Iron.
Q: Which crops were cultivated by the Harappans?
A: Wheat, barley, peas, and cotton.
Q: Which animal frequently appears on Harappan seals?
A: Unicorn bull.
Q: What do Harappan seals indicate?
A: Trade activities.
Q: What kind of trade did Harappans practice?
A: Internal and foreign trade (including Mesopotamia).
Q: Which was the major port city of the Indus Civilization?
A: Lothal.
Q: Which site had a 12-chambered granary?
A: Harappa.
Q: What is unique about Lothal?
A: One of the world’s earliest known dockyards.
Q: Which site shows evidence of ploughed fields?
A: Kalibangan.
Q: Which Harappan site is located in Gujarat?
A: Dholavira.
Q: What metals were mainly used for tools and ornaments?
A: Copper and bronze.
Q: What writing system did Harappans use?
A: Indus script (symbols on seals/pottery).
Q: Which measurement system is known from Lothal?
A: Cubical chert weights.
Q: What are terracotta figurines?
A: Clay models of humans/animals.
Q: What is a striking feature of Harappan cities?
A: Advanced town planning and sanitation.
Q: Was the Indus script alphabetic?
A: No, it was pictographic/logo-syllabic.
Q: Who discovered Kalibangan (1953)?
A: Amalananda Ghosh.
Q: Which Harappan city lacked a citadel?
A: Chanhudaro.
Q: Who discovered Surkotada (1964)?
A: Jagat Pati Joshi.
Q: The Harappan culture belonged to which age?
A: Bronze Age.
Q: Which animals are carved on Harappan seals?
A: Unicorn, buffalo, tiger, goat, elephant.
Q: Which sites show fire altars?
A: Kalibangan and Lothal.
Q: Which male deity appears on seals besides Mother Goddess?
A: Pashupati Mahadev.
Q: Which aquatic creature was worshipped?
A: Crocodile.
Q: Which site shows double burial evidence?
A: Lothal.
Q: Which site provides coffin burial evidence?
A: Harappa.
Q: Which colour dominated Harappan pottery?
A: Red.
Q: Which civilization first cultivated cotton?
A: Harappan (India).
Q: Which site is famous for reservoirs and water harvesting?
A: Dholavira.
Q: Which site has a stadium-like structure?
A: Dholavira.
Q: Largest Harappan site in India?
A: Rakhigarhi.
Q: Largest Indus site overall?
A: Mohenjo-daro.
Q: Which site is known for bead-making factories?
A: Chanhudaro.
Q: What shows Harappans used carts?
A: Terracotta cart models.
Q: Modern location of Mohenjo-daro?
A: Sindh, Pakistan.
Q: What type of economy did Harappans have?
A: Mixed economy (agriculture, trade, crafts).
Q: Standard brick ratio in Harappan architecture?
A: 4:2:1.
Q: Which site is near the Arabian Sea?
A: Sutkagendor.
Q: What were Harappan houses made of?
A: Baked bricks.
Q: Which site lies near the Ghaggar-Hakra river?
A: Kalibangan.
Q: Which pre-Harappan site shows cotton cultivation?
A: Mehrgarh.
Q: Which pottery type was common?
A: Red and black ware.
Q: Which games were possibly played?
A: Dice games.
Q: Which site shows earthquake evidence?
A: Kalibangan.
Q: Which script remains undeciphered?
A: Indus script.
Q: Possible causes of Harappan decline?
A: Floods, climate change, river shifts, invasions.
Q: Which site shows irrigation canal evidence?
A: Shortugai.